Architectural Design | Ten Key Elements of Spatial Composition

The design process is often a gradual, layer-by-layer evolution. It starts with a vague concept that is continuously refined, and during this refinement, certain methods of spatial combination and composition come into play.

So, how should we efficiently and rationally utilize space in architectural design? Today, Ballesta will walk you through ten common methods of spatial combination and composition in architectural design, as we explore these spatial arrangement approaches and their practical application in real-world projects. Before we dive in, let’s first clarify what spatial composition actually means.

Space is a three-dimensional concept that accommodates human beings or any given subject. Generally speaking, it transforms into an "environment" when it interacts with humans—an environment that encompasses both the natural and humanistic realms. Humans exert an unconscious influence on, and interact with, such spaces and environments.

In architecture, specific spatial forms are often organized and constructed through methods such as establishment, enclosure, and demarcation. Contemporary large-scale architecture is gradually transitioning and evolving away from anthropocentrism toward an eco-centric ethos. Architecture can be defined as a controllable form of organization that delineates space, and spatial composition stands as the decisive factor influencing the sound formulation of design schemes.

Grid Composition MethodFrom a plan view perspective, the first step is to establish a basic standardized grid. This grid is then extended vertically to form longitudinal spaces, which in turn create spatial grid units.

Within this system, the reference points and lines maintain a close, logical relationship and a strong sense of order. These include the axes of load-bearing structures, circulation axes, and modular measurement axes.

Spatial Composite MethodThe defining feature of this method is that, while creating new horizontal spaces on the plan through addition, division and enclosure, it simultaneously transforms existing forms in the vertical dimension. This allows horizontal and vertical spaces to interpenetrate and interact with each other, thereby generating new spatial configurations.

Such configurations are fluid and unobstructed, yielding expansive composite spaces and engaging spatial effects. The spatial composite method is mostly applied in renovation projects, with the most renowned example being the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Its new spiral-shaped structure is organically integrated with the original rectangular building, to the point where the boundary between old and new is indistinguishable. What’s more, this design perfectly aligns with visitors’ viewing experience.